Fr. Queyroz Manuscript(1), Fr. S.G. Perera S. J. & Controversies Part 1
Fr. Queyroz Manuscript (1) , Fr. S.G. Perera S. J. & Controversies
Part 1
Sighting of the
Queyroz Manuscript, its Publication in Original Portuguese & in
English
Early Books on Ceylon
History based on the Queyroz Manuscript (Portuguese Version)
CONTENTS
Background
Introduction
Sighting
of a 200-year-old Manuscript on Ceylon
Rt.
Revd. Fr. Fernao de Queyroz S. J.
Story
Behind the Conquista
Archbishop
Zaleski & the Conquista
Dr.
Paul E. Peiris & the Conquista
Fr.
S. G. Perera S.J & the Conquista
Controversy
Assistance
provided to Fr. Perera
Review
of the Conquista (English Version)
W.H.M
Prof. C. R. Boxer of the University of London
Views of Distinguished Local Historians on Queyroz’s Manuscript
Book
on History of Ceylon for Schools
Many foreigners who lived in Ceylon during the colonial period recorded
their experiences here, on their return home. They covered a wide range of
topics, based on their specialty. Captain Joao Ribeiro (in Ceylon from 1641 to
1658) & Robert Knox (in Ceylon from 1658 to 1679) are two of them whose
books are well known.
Ribeiro wrote on " The Historic Tragedy of the Island of Ceilao" in Portuguese & presented it to the King of Portugal in January 1685. This book had first been translated into French & published in 1701. George Lee of the Ceylon Civil Service & Postmaster General of Ceylon had translated the French copy into English & it was published by the Government Printer in 1847. This can be accessed here :
https://archive.org/details/historyceylonpr00leegoog/page/n7/mode/1up
Thereafter, this book had been translated from the original Portuguese
into English by Dr. Paul Edward Peiris, M. A. LL.M (Trin.Coll Cantab), D. Litt.
(Cantab), Barrister at Law of the Inner Temple, a member of the Ceylon Civil
Service & District Judge, as well as a historian, (first Asian to receive a
D. Litt. from Cambridge, knighted in 1952) & Part 1 had
been published in 1909.
: https://archive.org/details/historytragedyof00joao
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Robert Knox wrote, " An Historical Relation of Ceylon " in English. & his book was published in 1681. He is believed to be the first European to have described Ceylon of that era. This can be accessed here:
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107116
There were many other well-known
persons, who lived in Ceylon for varying periods & recorded their
experiences for posterity & contributed to our knowledge of Ceylon history.
At the same time, there are well
known books on Ceylon written by foreigners who never visited the country but
based their books on written records of others who did &/or personal
interviews with those who had lived in Ceylon &/or official records. One of
them is “The History of Ceylon, from the
Earliest Times to 1600 A. D “.by João de Barros, & Diogo do Couto, two
Portuguese chroniclers. This book was translated & edited by Donald Ferguson
& printed by the Government Printer in 1909. Ferguson, the son of the publisher of
Ferguson's Directory, was fluent in Portuguese, was educated in England &
was considered an expert on the Portuguese period, at the time.
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104390/page/n5/mode/1up.
Another better-known book is “The Temporal & Spiritual Conquest of
Ceylon” written in Portuguese by Revd. Fr. Fernao de Queyroz S. J. This book
was translated into English by Revd. Fr. Simon Gregory Perera S. J. of St.
Aloysius College, Galle during the period 1920 to 1929.
Ceylon History is based on these & many other books written by
foreigners, local chronicles, & well researched books written by local
historians, some of whom were fluent in many languages & were products
of the Peradeniya Campus of the University of Ceylon.
St. Aloysius College, Galle, as it
was later known, was founded in 1895 by missionaries from the Belgian Society
of Jesus. Among those who accompanied the first Bishop of Galle, Rt. Revd. Dr.
Joseph Van Reeth S. J. on the maiden journey to Ceylon was Revd. Father Joseph
Cooreman S. J. who was later appointed the Vicar General of the Galle Diocese
& Parish Priest of the Galle Parish & Director of the School.
At
the time the Jesuits arrived in Ceylon, there was already a Papal Seminary in
Kandy, & Rt. Revd. Mgr. Dr. Ladislaus Michael Zaleski, (1852 – 1925),
Archbishop & the Apostolic Delegate for the East Indies, resided there. He
was in Ceylon from 1893 – 1916 but covered the entire region. He was from
Lithuania & in addition to his religious pursuits, was also interested in
history. He had already authored, among others, the following books:
- Voyage a Ceylan et aux Indes : 1887 / par monseigneur Zaleski -
OPAC - Biblioteca nazionale di Firenze.
- Ceylan et les Indes (in
French). A. Savine. 1891. ISBN 1391113993.
- The Biography of Father
Joseph Vaz, French Translation 1895 based on the Original Biography
(Portuguese) – 1745 of Father Sebastian Rego, a Goan.
Sighting of a 200-year-old
Manuscript on Ceylon
 |
| Fr. Joseph Cooreman S. J. |
It was Fr. Joseph
Cooreman S.J. of St. Aloysius College, Galle who came across an entry
in in a volume of the Library of the Company of Jesus about a
manuscript titled
“Conquista Temporale Espireitual de Ceylao' (“The Temporal & Spiritual
Conquest of Ceylon “), hereinafter referred to as “Conquista”, by Fr.
Fernao de Queyroz S. J. written in Portuguese & realized that it
would be of immense interest to Ceylon.
Rt. Revd. Fr. Fernao de Queyroz
S. J.
https://whowaswho-indology.info/4914/queyroz-fernao-de/
Queyroz , Fernão de. Canavezes
near Amarante 1617 — Goa 12.4.1688. S.J. Portuguese Priest and Historian in
India. Joined S.J. in 1631 and arrived at Cochin in 1635. In 1635-41 studied
philosophy, then Theology in Goa. From 1647 taught Theology at St. Paul’s
College in Goa. Rector of college in Thana (1653) and Bassein (1659). From c.
1659 Deputy of Inquisition in Goa (for 16 years). In 1671 nominated Patriarch
of Ethiopia (staying in Goa), also Praepositus of Profess House in Goa. For a
while parish priest in Salsette, in 1677-80 Provincial of Goa Province. He
never went to Sri Lanka, but working on Pedro de Basto’s papers made him
interested in its history. His work is said to be one of the best early
histories of early colonial period of Sri Lanka, completed in Goa in 1687. On
it is based Paul E. Pieris’ Ceylon, the Portuguese Era. 1-2. 1913, and several
articles by S. G. Perera. It remained unpublished, the manuscript was first
kept in Portugal, then in Brazil and finally came to Sri Lanka, where it was published.
In his account of Buddhism he stated that similarities between Christianity and
Buddhism hailed from the devil (Harris 2006, 16).
Story Behind the Conquista
The story behind the Conquista
was later described by its translator, Fr. S. G. Perera S. J. of St. Aloysius
College Galle, as follows:
“This book was completed by the
author in October 1687. It was then read by the censors of the Society and
received the Imprimatur of the Society on the first of January 1688. On the
12th of April the author died at Goa. The manuscript was apparently sent to
Lisbon for publication, and the Necrology of Father Queyroz, written 1692-3,
describes’ the book as ready for the press. It then passed into the possession
of Father Francisco José da Serra and found its way to the Royal Library which
John VI. took to Brazil, when he fled to that country during the Napoleonic
wars, and presented to the National Library of Rio de Janeiro, where it still
lies in an excellent state of preservation.’ A copy of it was made in 1834 for
the Instituto Historico e Geographico of Brazil and was mentioned in its
Catalogue of Manuscripts. From this entry Father Sommervogel learnt of its
existence and mentioned it in his Bibliotheque de la Compagnie de Jesus VI.
-1341-2. This caught the eye of Father Joseph Cooreman, 8.J.,
Vicar.General of Galle, who communicated the news to a great lover of Ceylon
books, Rt. Revd. Mgr. Ladislaus Zaleski, then Apostolic Delegate of the East
Indies residing at Kandy. Fr. Perera continues as follows:
“When the Portuguese boulder,
now in the Gordon Gardens, was brought to light in 1898, the
Delegate promptly pointed out to the Governor of Ceylon that it was
obviously the rock on which the Portuguese coat-of-arms is recorded to have
been engraved by Don Lourenco de Almeida, and in the course of the
correspondence that ensued, Mgr. Zaleski quoted a passage from the Conquista.
Subsequently he presented the manuscript to the Papal Seminary at Kandy.
“(Perera, 1930).
Read also:
Archbishop Zaleski & the
Conquista
 |
| Archbishop Zaleski |
“The Delegate secured a copy from Rio de Janeiro and made use of it in a book entitled: Le Christianisme a Ceylan (published in 1900), which he wrote over a nom-de-plume.” (Perera, 1930). The nom de plume used was P. Courtenay. M.A. The book was written in French.
It would appear that Archbishop
Zaleski also made use of the “Conquista” to write the History of Ceylon during
the Portuguese period. His book titled "An
Abridged Version of Professor Courtenay's work was published under the
pseudonym, M. G. Francis in 1913. A complete version of Professor Courtenay’s
book, if it existed, cannot be traced. The Conquista, however, is
confined to the Portuguese period (1505-1658) only, whereas the
“Abridged Version of Professor Courtenay’s Work includes the History of Ceylon
from 1505 to 1848. In the Abridged Version the author refers to the
writings of others on the Dutch & British periods up to 1848. See:
The sections in the Abridged
Version are as follows:
1505-1554 , Portuguese
Alliance; 1554-1597, Portuguese Protectorate; 1597-1658, Portuguese
Rule; 1658-1796, Dutch Rule, 1796-1848, British Rule.
Also read here a description of the book :
https://www.abebooks.co.uk/History-Ceylon-Abridged-Translation-Professor-Peter/31082359299/bd
.jpeg)
In the meantime, Dr. Paul
Edward Peiris, had heard of the “Conquista”, apparently from Fr. Cooreman,
& having been allowed to examine the manuscript, had desired to make
use of it, but it was not made available to him. According to Fr. S. G. Perera,
when he made a request to make use of it, much later, Archbishop Zaleski had
informed him that the Conquista was made available to him for personal use,
& not for public purposes.
However, Dr. Peiris had
purchased another copy of the Conquista from the Instituto Historico e
Geographico of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, & he too made use of it to write
articles & challenge the views of others such as Donald Ferguson, an expert
on the Portuguese period at the time, in particular about the year of arrival
of the Portuguese in Ceylon.
Ferguson held the view that
the Portuguese first arrived in the island in 1506, & not 1505, as widely
believed even then. His arguments were set out in an article titled, "The Discovery of Ceylon by the Portuguese in
1506", published in the Journal of the Ceylon Asiatic Society Vol. XIX No
59 of 1907.
Dr. Peiris too published a book
titled "Ceylon, the Portuguese era" in 1913 under his own name. Later
another edition under the same title was published in 1920 along with another
member of the Ceylon Civil Service. Dr. Peiris’s text covers the period
1505 to 1658, the same period covered in the “Conquista”.
The 1920 Edition consists of 15 Chapters & covers the Pre-Portuguese
period, the arrival of the Portuguese in 1505, their activities until the
take-over by the Dutch.
A clamour now arose for the
publication of the Conquista or a translation, but Dr Peiris agreed to sell his
copy to the Government & the Portuguese version was published with his
assistance by the Government Printer in 1916. Dr. Peiris declined to translate
it.
.jpeg)
Fr. S. G. Perera S.J & the Conquista
Simon Gregory Perera (1882-1950) joined the Government Clerical Service in 1900 & was the first Ceylonese to join the Belgian Mission of the Society of Jesus at St. Aloysius College, Galle at the age of 23 years in 1905. He was sent to India for his theological studies, in the same year & remained there till 1919. He was ordained in India in 1917.Whilst in India, he contributed articles to the Ceylon Antiquary & Literary Register between 1915 & 1919.
Controversy
After the Conquista was
published in Portuguese in 1916, Fr. S.G. Perera had reviewed it & noted
similarities in some of the passages in the Conquista & the book written by
Dr. Peiris in 1913 & expressed his views in writing. These were published
in the Ceylon Antiquary & Literary Register Volume II of 1916-1917 under
Article No. XV & continued under Article No. XXV. In the Introduction to
his translation of the Conquista later , Fr. Perera has explained the matter as
follows:
"When the Conquista was issued, I undertook to review it for the Ceylon Antiquary and Literary Register. I had no reason to suspect that my undertaking would lead me to comment on the Portuguese Era; but the text I was reading for review seemed so familiar, it words and phrases and turns of thought practically the same as I had read in the Portuguese Era. A comparison of the two books open side by side soon set all doubts at rest. Accordingly, in my rèview, I took occasion to expose the manner in which the Conquista had been used (1), not so much because of what might be called the plagiariam, but rather to show that M.r Pieris's methods of History were on a par with his methods of book production, for not only did he practically deprive Queyroz of the credit of his labours, but he was even more unjust to the Portuguese, whom he had depicted in the darkest colours by a judicious mixture of suppressio veri and suggestio falsi."
(1)
"This statement, first made
in the Ceylon. Antiquary in 1917, was repeated at a meeting of the
Ceylon Historical Association 1925. Thereupon Dr. Peiris wrote to the
newspapers :’In a recent lecture at Colombo on the Conquest of de
Queyroz, the Rev. S. G. Perers, S.J., appears to have suggested an attempt
(presumably dishonest) on my part to pass off the work of that great writer as
my own. Probably no other reader of my writings has arrived at such a
conclusion, and it must have been the shock of that discovery which prevented
his mentioning that I had myself destroyed this conspiracy by
issuing the text of Queyroz to the public on behalf of the Government to whom I
sold the Ms.I replied, first, that I did mention his share in editing the Ms; secondly,
that I had already proved my contention in the Antiquary by quotations in
parallel columns and various other ways which it was open to Mr. Pieris to
refute at any time, but he never tried; thirdly. how Mr. .Pieris was made to
part with the Ms ; and finally, how the manner in which he edited the text
did not show that he himself destroyed the conspiracy,but rather
went to strengthen the suspicion that he took pains to hide it. Mr. Peiris
had no answer to give."(Perera, 1930. P.25)
“His (Fr. Queyroz’s) book is therefore divided into
three distinct parts.
The first, consisting of the
First Book, is a long and detailed account of the Island, containing all the
information about the Island which he was able to gather.
The second part consisting of four books—Second, Third, Fourth, and
Fifth—is devoted to a minute and circumstantial account of the temporal and
spiritual conquest of Ceylon for 153 years, drawn from various sources and
described with self-restraint and impartiality.
In the third part, consisting of Book Six, he opens fire and gives free
scope to his indignation. It is a ruthless exposure of the maladministration of
the Portuguese, based on authentic documents, one of which was drawn up by the
unsparing hand of a Franciscan and others contained the sober judgment of
experienced men.”
Fr. Perera’s English translation
consists of the following:
Book 1 – 23 Chapters; Book 2 – 32 Chapters; Book 3 – 29 Chapters; Book 4 – 28
Chapters. Book 5 – 30 Chapters; Book 6 – 27 Chapters.
In the Preface to the English
translation of the Conquista, dated 9th July 1929 at St.
Aloysius College, Galle, Fr. Perera names the following as those who assisted
him in this gigantic task:
1. Father Jose Pereira Dias of the Portuguese Province of the Society of
Jesus for translating portions of the book at his request
2. Mr. John M. Seneviratne, F.R.H.S., editor of the then defunct Ceylon
Antiquary and Literary Register for inducing the Government to entrust the
translation to him & persuading him to accept it.
3. Mr. H. W. Codrington of the Ceylon Civil Service for reading the
translation in typescript and making many useful suggestions
etc.
4. The Rector of the Papal Seminary, Kandy, for lending the manuscript copy
of the text of Queyroz belonging to the Seminary:
5. Father Arkwright, S.J., Mr. W. C. D. Pentelow, C.C.S., and the Right.
Reverend Dr. A. M. Teixeira, Bishop of Mylapore, for allowing him to consult
them on obscure passages:
6. Father S. Gnana Prakasar, O.M.I., for reading the portions
referring to Jaffna and supplying him with some notes:
7. Father Peter de Silva, S.J., (pix n/a) and some young students of St.
Aloysius' College for sacrificing their spare time to prepare the Index
according to a method suggested by Mr. L. J. B. Turner, C.C.S., Director of
Statistics and Office Systems
8. Father M. H. Soden, S.J., of St. Aloysius College for proof-reading the
entire document.
9.
Justice A. C. Alles (at SAC from 1921 to 1931), writes as follows in an article
published in the Aloysian Centenary Souvenir:
“My special
guru at SAC was Fr. S. G. Perera. I used to spend several hours in his upstairs
room in the priest's quarters. The room overlooked the wide expanse of the
Indian Ocean. It was sparsely furnished. Alongside one wall was a wooden bed.
In one corner was an enamel basin on a stand & an ewer of water The rest of
the room was strewn with documents & papers & it was in this austere
set up that the great historian produced his monumental works on the Portuguese
period.
I helped in
the proofs & among my most precious possessions are the 3 volumes of Fr.
Queyroz's Conquest of Ceylon autographed by him with the Preface dated on my
18th birthday.
I am deeply beholden to him for the lessons I learnt from him to write good
English & concentrate on precision & detail, a valuable asset which has
stood me in good stead in my literary career. “
Review of the Conquista (English Version)
W.H.M.
A review of the book appears in
the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Gt. Britain & Ireland for 1931
in pages 880 – 882 by a person identified as W.H.M. A few extracts are given
below:
“The text appeared without any extraneous matter:
the translation is accompanied by an adequate introduction, is duly annotated,
and is furnished with a very full index. A reviewer who has not seen the
manuscript can offer no judgment on the text, but it has been accepted by the
translator as accurate, Father Perera is at some pains to justify the course he
has adopted in offering a bald and absolutely literal version of the original;
but I think most students will agree that no justification is necessary, for
any attempt at literary embellishment would almost certainly have resulted in
occasional distortions of the meaning. I have read about a quarter of the
translation with the text before me, and can testify to its minute accuracy.
Obscurities in it are present also in the original, and with very few
exceptions the English words used represent the Portuguese with precision.”
“Probably I have missed a few other defects of the
kind, but, judging from my own experience as a translator, the number is
extraordinarily small, No one will be disposed to quarrel with the practice of
retaining Portuguese words for which there are no proper English equivalents,
but the translator has in a few instances overlooked the consequential
obligation of explaining in a note the nature of the untranslatable word.”
“Turning to the notes, it may be said at once that
they are not exhaustive, but it seems to me that in this matter the translator
has generally exercised a wise discretion. The author was widely read, and also
allusive, and if one were to turn aside at every mention of Lycians and
Massilians, or to explain just what Cyrus did, or what Seneca wrote, on some
particular occasion, the thing would never be done. Regarded as the minimum
required to explain the material portions of the text, the notes appear to me
to be sufficient and generally accurate.”
“My own knowledge of Ceylon is slight, and I have
found the notes on local topics almost always sufficient, but I cannot offer an
independent opinion on their accuracy, which I have tested by scrutinizing
those which deal with matters more familiar tome. In these I have found very
few errors.”
“The only cause for complaint of a general nature
is the absence of a list of the authorities quoted in abbreviated form.”
Prof. C. R. Boxer of the University of London
Prof. Boxer had in 1954 contributed an article to the Ceylon
Historical Journal on An Introduction to Joao Ribeiro's " Historical
Tragedy of the Island of Ceylon 1685" & in it he had appreciated the
"scholarly " translation of the Queyroz Manuscript by Fr. Perera.
Again, In an articled titled, “ Some
Portuguese Attitudes to the Tamils of Sri Lanka 1550-1658, at
Note 14, Prof. Boxer comments as follows:
“14. The Conquista Temporal e Spiritual de Ceilao, which was ready for the press at Goa in 1687, was first published integrally at Colombo in 1916. With all its faults, it remains an indispensable source for the history of 17th century Sri Lanka, and it is most conveniently consulted in the reliable and painstaking translation made by S. G. Perera S.J., Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylon (3 vols., Colombo, 1930). I have made occasional and insignificant changes in the wording”.
Views of Distinguished Local Historians on Queyroz’s Manuscript
Dr. T. Abeysinghe
'Even a nodding acquaintance with these chronicles and histories should serve to dispel a fear that is sometimes expressed (particularly in Ceylon) that to base a history of the Portuguese in Ceylon on their own writings will necessarily lead to glossing over their many acts of barbarity and their callous disregard for human life, especially Sinhalese. That fear is completely baseless. Most of these authors did not write to comfort their readers, but rather to shock them. At least one writer, Queiroz, seems to have painted the misdeeds of his countrymen in the darkest possible colours in order to induce them to sit down in sackcloth and ashes. It can be said without fear of contradiction that of the three European powers who ruled Ceylon, the Portuguese were unique in having produced chroniclers and writers who were the first and the severest critics of their own countrymen. This is all the more commendable when one remembers that many of these chroniclers and writers held official positions and enjoyed royal patronage'.
Unquote
'To which this reviewer would add "Amen"—reminding the reader that likewise as Whiteway pointed out long ago (in his Rise of the Portuguese Power in India. 1899, p. 22), there is reason to believe that on occasion the Portuguese chroniclers deliberately exaggerated the atrocities of their compatriots in the East; not (as Queiroz may have done) to induce them to repent, but to stress their ability to smite the Muslim and the Heathen hip and thigh, "pardoning neither age nor sex", to use one of their own favourite expressions.'
Prof. C. R. Boxer's review article appears at page 89 of the Ceylon Journal of Historical & Social Studies, Vol. 9 No. 1 for the period January to June, 1966.
Dr. C. R. de Silva
PhD thesis " Portuguese in Ceylon, 1617-1638".Fr. Perera had written a book on History of Ceylon (1505-1796) for Schools which was first
published in 1923. Its fifth edition was published in 1950. The book
covers both the Portuguese & Dutch periods & therefore would have
involved a study of the writings of Ceylonese, Portuguese & Dutch
Chroniclers. It was taught in Schools for a long time & it was later
published in Sinhalese too.
End of Part
1.
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https://thuppahis.com/2021/07/09/the-conquista-a-book-on-sri-lankas-portuguese-period/
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https://dn790006.ca.archive.org/0/items/dli.ministry.15636/24658.pdf
Zaleski L. M. / Francis M. G. , "An Abridged Version of Professor Courtenay's work “, Published in 1913.
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